As the sport wrestles with questions of fairness, welfare and public trust, Oscar Williams explores whether AI could help judges and whether it may force dressage to confront deeper questions in this exclusive article for H&H subscribers
Dressage judging is a hell of a job. Judges are asked to do the near-impossible: absorb dozens of movements in real time, weigh technical correctness against harmony and expression as well as several other criteria, and distil it all into marks awarded in seconds before moving on to the next movement.
To add to the pressure, those performances are often dissected online with the benefit of slow-motion replays and freeze-frame screenshots – and even then, the comment sections rarely agree on what the score should have been.
Now, as the sport wrestles with questions of welfare , credibility and public trust , artificial intelligence (AI) judging is increasingly being pushed forward as a possible solution.
Supporters argue it could ease the cognitive load on judges and bring greater consistency and transparency to scoring, while identifying conflict behaviours or technical faults. Sceptics worry that a sport built on feel, nuance and interpretation risks being flattened into data.
AI could track every stride a horse takes. But could a machine really judge dressage?
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"}
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Credit: Peter Nixon
Credit: Future
H&H dressage and sport horse editor, and sports manager
Oscar joined Horse & Hound in October 2023 and is the magazine’s dressage editor and sports manager, overseeing coverage of equestrian sport. After studying equine science at Myerscough College, he spent four years working for leading dressage rider Emile Faurie, competing at the 2015 National Dressage Championships and travelling with the yard to CDIs including Aachen and Saumur. He holds a master’s degree in Literature from York St John University (2021).
