In this exclusive article for H&H subscribers, equestrian journalist Pippa Cuckson digs into some of the key points up for debate surrounding the use of double bridles in grand prix dressage and touches on the politics surrounding those discussions
In 45 years as an equestrian journalist, I can recall nothing so polarising as the current debate surrounding the use of double bridles. A bitting combination that was for so many centuries considered refined and aspirational is now at the heart of a public relations crisis with welfare concerns taking centre stage.
The topic is so politically sensitive that the FEI is reluctant to elaborate on its continuing obligatory use of double bridles in international grand prix dressage competition, despite the deteriorating “optics” from the public viewpoint.
Instead it keeps its head down when a senior figure goes “off message”. During the Paris Olympics FEI head vet Goran Akerstrom briefed Reuters that several riders had been warned for alleged “blue tongue” where their use of double bridles had contributed to restricted oxygen supply of their horses’ tongues. This has never been clarified, confirmed or denied by FEI HQ.
However, H&H did not anticipate that the FEI would fail to directly answer any double bridle-related questions at all, when we aimed for more insight into the current situation.
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"}
● What are your thoughts on use of double bridles in grand prix dressage? Write to us at
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You may also be interested in:
Credit: Lucy Merrell
The use of double bridles is under debate. Library image.
Credit: Emma Herrod Photography
Credit: Andrew Sydenham
Credit: Alamy Stock Photo
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